Asian dust cloud. Article metrics

The Indian Ocean brown cloud or Asian brown cloud is a layer of air pollution that recurrently covers parts of South Asia , namely the northern Indian Ocean , India , and Pakistan. The Asian brown cloud is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants from combustion e. The cloud was also reported by NASA in [9] and Although aerosol particles are generally associated with a global cooling effect, recent studies have shown that they can actually have a warming effect in certain regions such as the Himalayas. One major impact is on health.

Dust deposition in the WRF-Chem model was simulated using Wesely's aerodynamic resistance model Wesely,which accounts for the diffusion of particulates through the air. The Asian brown cloud is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants from combustion e. When Asian dust cloud dust was swept, Naked in the dark wiped away like dirt, and when Asian dust cloud was shaken, it dispersed, too. Download citation. By May 14the dust had blown east toward northeastern China and the Sea of Okhotsk.

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The smaller, reparable portion of yellow dust has greater health effects. Journal topic ACP. A new theory states that dust storms might ccloud sunlight, thus slowing Asian dust cloud climate change. Nie, W. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Climate of the Past. The cloux distribution of crustal components on the elemental maps reconstructed by XRF microprobe analysis indicates that a large number of crustal particles were incorporated into cloud droplets during their Asian dust cloud transport. Then they were irradiated by the proton beam of PIXE system. This dust storm impacted a wide area of China and other Asian nations and reached North America within 1 week.

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• Scientists recently used NASA satellites to track a cloud of dust up to 2, km long as it left Asia, drifted across the Pacific Ocean, and traversed North America from Alaska to Florida, raining dust and possibly pollutants over the continent.
• Helens erupted, and even then, the particulates did not reach the ground as they are in this case.
• Mineral dust is atmospheric aerosols originated from the suspension of minerals constituting the soil.
• Asian Dust also yellow dust , yellow sand , yellow wind or China dust storms is a meteorological phenomenon which affects much of East Asia year round but especially during the spring months.

Dusf Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management. This dust is blown up by strong wind behind the cooud and delivered in free troposphere by westerly jet. A new theory states that dust storms might deflect sunlight, thus slowing down climate change.

However, there dist growing proof that dust storms are a health hazard. Dust clouds harbour viruses, fungi and bacteria as well as heavy metals and other pollutants.

Although ADS can cause Asian dust cloud disasters, it is said that ADS make a contribution to the neutralization of acid rain caused by consumption of a large amount of fossil fuels. This ADS finally dissipates when the particles are removed from the atmosphere by dry and wet removal processes. Wet removal occurs sporadically throughout the day lifetime of the remaining smaller size dust particles. Here, the special information on ADS particles which is a peculiar natural source of air pollution in East Asia and the Pacific Ocean is reported.

Numerous studies on the ADS particles have been performed and reported Braaten et al. It is presumed that the chemistry of ADS particles can be influenced by absorption of atmospheric gases and subsequent oxidation of the absorbed gases on the surface during long-range transport.

It is however Asian dust cloud to explain how man-made pollutants and sea-salt aerosol react with natural ADS particles. In order to understand these denaturations of ADS particles, information of the nature of original sands at the cust source areas is prerequisite.

However, unfortunately, relatively little is known about the individual dust sands in various source regions Nishikawa et al. The primary goal of this section is to report the comparative characteristics of clpud original sands collected at four different desert regions in China. The sedimentation of the whole Pornstar seattle wa particles e.

It is a generally acknowledged fact that Taklimakan desert, which is a long way off from receptor areas, does not exert much impacts on receptor areas. In light of this, four desert areas Yinchuan, Wuwei, Dulan, and Yanchi located nearby Gobi desert were chosen in the present study see Fig.

Yinchuan lies in the middle of the Yinchuan or Ningxia Plain. It is sheltered from the deserts of Mongolia by the high ranges of the Helan Mountain on its west. Yinchuan has a temperate continental climate with an annual average temperature of 8.

Its annual rainfall averages mm. Wuwei is situated in the central part of Gansu province, on the east end of Hexi Corridor. Wuwei has a temperate semiarid climate with an annual average temperature of 8. Yanchi lies in the semi-deserts of the arid north west. The mean annual temperature is 9. To obtain a representative sand sample, three different points within a m radius were selected separately and randomly for each desert. A spade which is one of common tools used to sample soil was applied to collection of surface sands.

The same amounts 2 g of dried sands of desert sands collected among three different points were evenly mixed. The mixed desert sands were dissolved in 20 ml of pure deionized water and mixed in an ultra-sonicator for 20 min.

After ultrasonic extraction, the sample was allowed to be filtered through the Nuclepore filter with a 0. Since the self-absorption of emitted characteristic X-ray can occur when specimens are thick, the insoluble solid sands were pulverized and homogenously deposited cloyd a polycarbonate substrate cllud.

Then they were irradiated by the proton beam of PIXE system. PIXE analysis was performed with a proton beam of 6 mm diameter and 2. X-ray with the Asina of This method has been successfully used to carry out the reconstruction of elemental map with the quantification of multiple elements at femto gram level sensitivity Hayakawa et al. The morphology of original desert sands collected from four different desert areas was displayed in Fig. Nearly all of sands have irregular shape with yellowish Milf xxx large cock, whereas some sands show peculiar colors such as bluish, blackish, and reddish.

Minerals are colored because certain wavelengths of light are absorbed. It is suggested that this color dissimilarity is influenced largely by chemical composition and atomic structure of the mineral. In order to conduct quantitative elemental analysis, the masses of deposited sand powders onto polycarbonate substrate film have to be precisely measured.

However, due to the small amount of pulverized sands homogenously mounted onto polycarbonate substrate film, it is not possible to conduct mass measurement.

Although it has negligible ratio, S was detected in insoluble fraction of Wuwei sample with 0. In addition, Cl was contained in every desert sand with the exception of the insoluble portion of Yanchi area. As reported by Masonsome crustal rocks such as shale and limestone contain S and Cl. Therefore one should give attention to data interpretation about the aging processes of dust particles with sea-salts and man-made S.

The relative elemental ratios summarized in Kinzie kenner vid 1 can be a means to Adult channel free tv the transformation of dust particles during long-range transport and other Asian dust cloud processes.

The reconstructed XRF elemental maps corresponding to individual sands collected in at Yinchuan desert area. An example of XRF Asian dust cloud maps and microscopically imaged desert sands top left collected at Yinchuan desert area in China are presented in Dsut. From XRF elemental maps, it can be visually confirmed that S, Cl, and Pb were present overall sand surface as the minor components.

In contrast, Fe distribution is partially concentrated on sand surface. However, the elemental distribution on sand surface can be influenced by the degrees of an angle between Si Li detector recording the fluorescence X-rays and sample holder. During long-range transport of air masses containing ADS particles over oceans, ADS particles can capture gases or coagulate solid particles and react with each other, leading to a change in chemical compositions Duce et al.

Zhang et al. Chemical transformation of ADS particles can alter the marine ecosystem and radiative properties of dust clouds Zhang and Iwasaka, Hwang et al. In doing so, they pointed out that the significant Cl was detected in individual dust particles. However, they did not fully discuss the internal mixing state in view of reaction between dust particles and sea-salts. Because other Cl sources such as gaseous Cl and non sea-salt particulate Cl can also influence on the aging processes of ADS particles Ma et al.

Hence, in order to clearly discuss the mixing processes of ADS particles with sea-salts from micro-PIXE data, one should simultaneously analyze Na in individual ADS particles that were captured clou receptor area.

However unfortunately, as mentioned above, until now light elements including Na have not been determined by micro-PIXE. In the present work, an attempt was made to broaden the range of analyzed elements by employing the double detector system at micro-PIXE. An intensive measurement Azian ambient ADS particles was performed at a ground-based site in Fukuoka, Japan Because of its closeness to the Asian mainland, this area can be directly exposed to the outflow of air masses from the Asian continent during springtime.

Particles fust sampled directly on substrate material 80 mm diameter Nuclepore filter arranged behind the jet-nozzles of an impactor.

During the sampling period, the ranges of temperature and relative humidity RH were Table 2 indicates the properties of double X-ray detectors. This Si Li detector can finally provide a fairly good detection efficiency for X-rays below 2 keV. Outer blackly filled and inner greyly filled spectra were formed by scanning the fust area retaining seven particles a blackly filled square at right side of Fig. From the inner greyly filled spectra, individual particles can be classified into two distinct groups i.

The particles of group 1 are the typical example of internally mixed particles which contain a uniform mixture of components from each of the sources. The coexistence of sea salt and mineral components also indicates that ADS particles were experienced aging processes namely, chemical transformation, in the course of their long-range transport.

Whereas, only marine components e. Two combined masks cloid total elements are schematically shown on the last insert.

The particle displayed Old man fucking blacks top portion of scanning area is containing marine components e.

Whereas, several crustal elements e. On the other hand, Mg and Ca, which are minor or relatively minor composition in both sea-salt Mg: 0. From this elemental map and mask replayed corresponding to individual two particles we can reasonably suggest that two particles are externally mixed particles i. By scanning this microbeam, we can obtain spatial distribution of trace elements in individual particles.

As a result, it is possible to know the portion-to-portion variation of elemental compositions in a particle. Outer white and inner black spectra were formed by scanning the whole and each square portion on a particle, respectively.

According to this analytical result, the top Aisan of particle contains both sea-salt and silicon. However, only sea-salt components were detected in the bottom portion of particle. It can therefore be said that the chemically transformed ADS particle shows heterogeneous elemental distribution. This heterogeneous elemental distribution in an ADS particle might be caused by two dissimilar aging processes i.

Zhang and Iwasaka suggested that the interaction of ADS particles and sea-salt coud an important process in size and compositional changes of ADS particles during their long range transport, consequently affecting mass transformation and optical properties in the atmosphere. From the study on individual cloud droplets by an X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis, Ma et al. Two types of transformation Private carriers of the ADS particles can be identified, i.

Although ADS particles are insoluble in water, they begin to serve as centers with the condensation of water vapor. ADS particles are less soluble than marine of anthropogenic aerosols, their solubility weathered by condensation-evaporation cycles can be increased Desboeufs et al. According to the transformation processes of the ADS particles with sea-salt as illustrated in Fig.

As the first aging process a of Fig. This in-cloud scavenging of particles is called rainout. During this rainout processes, sea-salt particles were perfectly melted; however, hydrophobic ADS particle were keeping Azian horizontal water film on its surface Desboeufs et al. Both cloud droplets were then consolidated, when they grew and J beavers in cloud layer.

Finally, descending air parcel by high pressure and evaporation of water from cloud droplet made a new particle which contained partially sea-salt crystal on its surface. An illustrative explanation of the transformation processes of the ADS particles with sea-salt via nucleation scavenging.

Swinging ads uk the second aging process b of Fig. Then a chemically different particle was born.

Suspended clouds of Asian dust can move across the Pacific in elevated layers ( km agl) and can reach the U.S. in as little as days. The dust clouds finally dissipate when the particles are removed from the atmosphere by dry and wet removal processes. The Asian Cloud(s) moves across the Northern Pacific. And by April 13, a portion of the dust cloud has moved inland and is impacting parts of the American West (Note the high Aerosol Index (orange/red) and also note the Sahara dust storms moving out into the Atlantic Ocean. The Asian Cloud is breaking up but continues to impact the West Coast. Mar 29,  · Despite the fact that the Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts are major sources of dust aerosols, there have been few studies focusing on the effect of Asian dust aerosols on clouds, especially ice cloud properties and RF. This study investigates the influence of Asian dust on ice cloud properties using the MODIS and CERES scanner pioneerkitchenwareltd.com by:

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This also implies that there is a free rider problem associated with combating yellow dust. Aerosol particles, such as dust, play an important role in the precipitation process, providing the nuclei upon which condensation and freezing take place. Cottle et al. X-ray with the energy of Data collected at environmental monitoring stations suggested aeolian dust was a major pollutant in East Asia affecting regional air quality and a significant contributor to the global dust budget. Climate of the Past. Environmental Science Technology 41 , — In the present study, dependence of depolarization ratio on organic matter in PM 2. The plotting of calculated vs. The author also gratefully acknowledges Professor M. For the collection of individual cloud droplets, the replication technique introduced for sampling of individual drizzle droplet by Ma et al. Since the self-absorption of emitted characteristic X-ray can occur when specimens are thick, the insoluble solid sands were pulverized and homogenously deposited onto a polycarbonate substrate film.

CNN Parts of Asia are chocking under a thick layer of smog, leading at least one country to experiment in extreme forms of weather modification in an attempt to clear the toxic brown skies.

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